Reações de mães de meninos vítimas de violência sexual diante da revelação / Reacciones de madres de niños víctimas de violencia sexual frente a revelación / Mother's reactions towards their sons' disclosure of sexual violence victimization

RESUMO Os estudos existentes acerca da revelação da violência sexual são, em sua maioria, baseados em casos de meninas. À vista disso, objetivou-se conhecer as reações protetivas e não protetivas de mães e pais diante da revelação de meninos vítimas de violência sexual. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, por meio de entrevistas, com nove mães. Em seguida, efetuou-se a análise temática dos dados, que resultou em seis temas: momento da revelação; confiança e desconfiança; acolhimento; busca de ajuda; emoções; e proteção. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados indicam que as mães apresentaram, no geral, reações protetivas diante da revelação, evidentes em todos os temas identificados. A partir do momento da revelação, as mães confiaram nos seus filhos e buscaram acolhê-los por meio de uma escuta atenta, também, cabe dizer, algumas entraram em estado de paralisia e entristecimento. Esse acolhimento foi seguido de busca de informações e de atendimento especializado. A proteção ocorreu, ainda, por meio do afastamento dos agressores e monitoramento da rotina dos filhos. Nesse sentido, é fundamental que haja investimento em ações de conscientização sobre os serviços disponíveis para que cuidadores possam proteger crianças e adolescentes em risco. Além disso, são necessárias intervenções que visem auxiliá-los no manejo de seus sentimentos diante da revelação, bem como em relação às consequências da violência para crianças e adolescentes.

RESUMEN. Los estudios existentes sobre divulgación de violencia sexual se basan principalmente en casos de niñas. El objetivo era conocer las reacciones protectoras y no protectoras de madres y padres ante la revelación de niños que son víctimas de violencia sexual. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, a través de entrevistas con nueve madres. Se llevó a cabo un análisis temático de datos, que resultó en seis temas: momento de revelación, confianza y desconfianza, acogida, búsqueda de ayuda, emociones y protección. Los resultados indican que las madres mostraron reacciones protectoras a la revelación, evidente en todos los temas. Desde el momento de la revelación, las madres confiaron en sus hijos y trataron de recibirlos escuchando atentamente, algunos de los cuales entraron en un estado de parálisis y tristeza. Siguió la búsqueda de información y asistencia especializada. La protección también se produjo mediante la eliminación de agresores y el monitoreo de la rutina de los niños. Es necesario invertir en acciones de concientización sobre los servicios disponibles. Además, se necesitan intervenciones para ayudarlos a manejar sus sentimientos ante la divulgación.

ABSTRACT. Studies on the disclosure of sexual violence are majorly based on cases involving girls. The objective was to investigate protective and non-protective reactions of mothers and fathers of boys towards the disclosure of sexual violence victimization. In this qualitative research, we interviewed nine mothers and analyzed the data using thematic analysis, which resulted in six themes: moment of disclosure, trust and distrust, welcoming, help seeking, emotions, and protection. Altogether, results showed that mothers, in general, presented protective reactions towards the disclosure, which was evident in all identified themes. After disclosure, mothers trusted their sons and sought to protect them by attentive listening, although some of them entered a state of paralysis and sadness. This welcoming of their sons' disclosure was followed by seeking information and specialized treatment. Protection was also identified by withdrawing from aggressors and monitoring the boys' routines. Thus, it is necessary to invest in actions to raise awareness of the available services so that caretakers can protect children and adolescents at risk. In addition, interventions are required to assist them to manage their feelings towards disclosure, as well as the consequences of violence for children and adolescents.

Impact of morphological characteristics and motor skills when performing gyaku tsuki / Impacto de las características morfológicas y de las destrezas motoras al realizar gyaku tsuki / Impacto das características morfológicas e das habilidades motoras ao realizar gyaku tsuki

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to determine the influence of morphology on karate characteristics and basic motor skills for the criterion variable counter-punch (gyako zuki) in boys, after a two-year training program. Methods A system of 25 variables (12 morphological, 12 motor, and one situational (gyako zuki)) was applied in a sample of 82 karatists, aged 10 to 14 years. Data were processed using regression analysis. Results Body weight had a statistically significant influence on the criterion variable in the initial measurement, as well as on the triceps and back skinfolds in the final measurement. In the motor space, semi-squat endurance had a significant impact on both initial and final measurements. In the reduced system, triple jump, half-squat endurance, and long jump impacted the initial measurement, while the 30-second torso lift, hyperextension on the bench, and semi-squat endurance impacted the final measurement. Conclusion From the data obtained, it can be concluded that the counter-punch (gyako zuki) performance results were better in participants with higher body weight, longer arms, less subcutaneous upper arm and back fat, greater static and explosive power in the lower limbs, and greater hamstring and spine flexibility. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de las características morfológicas y de las habilidades motoras básicas en la variable criterio contraataque con la mano (gyako tsuki) en niños practicantes de kárate durante un programa de entrenamiento de dos años. Métodos Se aplicaron un total de 25 variables (12 morfológicas, 12 motoras y una situacional [gyako zuki]) a una muestra de 82 practicantes de kárate con edades entre 10 y 14 años. Los datos se procesaron mediante análisis de regresión. Resultados El peso corporal tuvo una influencia estadísticamente significativa en la variable criterio durante la medición inicial, así como en los pliegues cutáneos del tríceps y del dorso en la medición final. En el espacio motor, la resistencia en la media sentadilla tuvo un impacto significativo en las mediciones iniciales y finales. En el sistema reducido, el triple salto, la resistencia en la media sentadilla y el salto de longitud tuvieron impacto en la medición inicial, mientras que la elevación del tronco en 30 segundos, la hiperextensión en mesa y la resistencia en la media sentadilla tuvieron impacto en la medición final. Conclusiones A partir de los datos obtenidos, se puede concluir que los resultados de desempeño de la contraataque con la mano (gyako zuki) fueron mejores en los individuos con mayor peso corporal, brazos más largos, menos grasa subcutánea en el brazo y la espalda, más potencia estática y explosiva en los miembros inferiores y mayor flexibilidad en los isquiotibiales y la columna vertebral . Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência das características morfológicas e habilidades motoras básicas na variável critério contra-golpe com a mão (gyako zuki) em meninos lutadores de karatê depois de um programa de treinamento de dois anos. Métodos Em uma amostra de 82 lutadores de karatê com idades entre 10 a 14 anos, foi aplicado um sistema de 25 variáveis (12 morfológicas, 12 motoras e uma situacional [gyako zuki]). Os dados foram processados por meio de análise de regressão. Resultados O peso corporal teve influência estatisticamente significativa sobre a variável critério na medição inicial, assim como nas dobras cutâneas triciptais e dorsais na medição final. No espaço motor, a resistência no meio agachamento teve impacto significativo nas medidas iniciais e finais. No sistema reduzido, salto triplo, resistência no meio agachamento e salto em distância tiveram impacto na medição inicial, enquanto elevação de tronco em 30 segundos, hiperextensão em mesa e resistência no meio agachamento tiveram impacto sobre a medição final. Conclusões A partir dos dados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os resultados de desempenho do contra-golpe com a mão (gyako zuki) foram melhores nos indivíduos com maior peso corporal, com braços mais longos, menos gordura subcutânea no braço e nas costas, maior poder estático e explosivo nos membros inferiores e maior flexibilidade nos músculos isquiotibiais e na coluna vertebral. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

Nutritional Factors Determining Body Fat Percentage of Adolescent Boys in 5 Districts of Jakarta

@#Introduction: Adolescence is one of the life stages that play a key role and is also affected by the epidemiology transition as the result of the development of the era. Consuming a lot of fast food and junk food nowadays causes adolescents, both girls and boys, to be subjected to nutritional problems such as the high body fat percentage. Adolescent boys even tend to be unaware of their health. This study aims to analyse nutritional factors which have an effect on body fat percentage in adolescent boys. Methods: This study was performed involving 1046 high school students in 5 Jakarta districts. Spearman’s correlation and multiple linear regression were used for the data analysis of this study. Results: The result shows that there was a relationship between BMI-for-age, energy and macronutrient intakes, and body fat percentage. Adolescents with excessive intakes got affected by their body fat percentage, although their BMI-for-age is normal. The result of multivariate analysis suggests that BMI-for-age had the most effect on body fat percentage. Conclusion: There needs to be a regular education for adolescent boys to be aware of their body fat percentage and other factors that have an effect on it.

Body Image Issues Among Late Adolescent Boys

Background: Adolescence is the age where individuals undergo a lot of changes. Among the physiological, psychological, social changes, adolescents usually worry about the physical changes that takes place. The rapid changes in the body creates certain confidence in few; and uncertainty and self-doubt in few of the individuals. They are also in the process of creating an identity for themselves and understanding their changing bodies. The present study aimed to investigate the changes in the level of Body Image Issues among Adolescent Boys. Methodology: A purposive sampling of 30 adolescents across Karnataka state, were considered for the study. Body Image questionnaire tool was used. Kruskal Wallis test adopted for statistical analysis; done using SPSS version 22. Results: The mean scores for ages 16-, 17- and 18- years are 43.20, 62.90 and 56.70 respectively. And their corresponding standard deviations are 16.578, 31.328 and 23.262 respectively. The p value obtained is .203. Which indicates that there is no significant difference in the level of Body Image among late adolescent boys. Conclusion: The results indicate that the level of Body image is not significant among late adolescent boys

Efectos de la pandemia COVID-19 en la salud mental infanto-juvenil: revisión bibliográfica / Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents: a bibliographic review

Introducción: la pandemia COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, la cual ha generado cambios sin precedentes en la vida de las personas a nivel mundial por medio del confinamiento, cierre de escuelas, dificultades socioeconómicas y estrés familiar. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer los efectos de la pandemia en niñas, niños y adolescentes a nivel mundial y cómo afecta en la salud mental de dicha población. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con búsqueda en PUBMED y Google Académico de artículos relacionados con efectos de la pandemia en la salud mental infanto-juvenil, en español e inglés entre los años 2020 y 2022. Resultados: se encontró mayor cantidad de artículos de habla inglesa y de metodología cualitativa con temas de alta relevancia, tales como: el aislamiento, soledad y cambio en hábitos de niñas, niños y adolescentes asociados al confinamiento y cierre de escuelas. También se mencionan los efectos en la salud mental, siendo la ansiedad y la depresión los trastornos más prevalentes junto al agravamiento de condiciones preexistentes como el trastorno de espectro autista (TEA) y por trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) entre otras. El confinamiento probablemente llevó a que las familias se encontraran mayor tiempo juntas en casa, pero también expuestas a estrés económico, relacional y en poder sobrellevar responsabilidades laborales, escolares y hogareñas, asociándose este estrés en ocasiones a situaciones de violencia y maltrato. En cuanto a la sintomatología, ésta se diferenció por edad y género, observando mayor severidad en mujeres adolescentes y adolescentes de género diverso. Conclusiones: la ansiedad y la depresión aparecen como los trastornos más prevalentes en población infanto-juvenil, estos resultados permiten poder dirigir políticas públicas en poblaciones de riesgo específicas, medidas a largo plazo y tomar decisiones basadas en evidencia respecto de futuros confinamientos o cierre de escuelas.

Introduction: Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic, an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has generated unprecedented changes in people's lives due to the lockdowns, the closure of schools, socio-economic difficulties, and family stress. The goal of this study is to get to know the effects of the pandemic on boys, girls, and adolescents around the world, and how it has affected their men-tal health. Methods: Search in PUBMED and Google Scholar for articles in Spanish and English between 2020 and 2022, related to the effects of the pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents. Results: The author found more articles in English, that used qualitative methodologies covering high-impact issues, such as isolation, loneliness, and changes in habits of children and adolescents, associated with lockdowns and school closures. Effects on mental health are also mentioned, with anxiety and depression being the most prevalent disorders. In contrast, a worsening of preexisting conditions like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other conditions were also mentioned. The confinement probably led to families spending more time together at home. However, they also faced economic and relational stress, while juggling work, school, and household responsibilities, which led to situations of violence and abuse. Meanwhile, the symptomology was differentiated by age and gender, observing more severe mental health difficulties in adolescent women and gender-diverse adolescents. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression appear as the most prevalent disorders in infant-juvenile mental health. These results allow focusing public policies on specific at-risk populations, measured in the long term, and to make decisions based on evidence for future lockdowns and school closures

Education for peace and coexistence without violence. A proposal at the basic level from Narrative Therapy / Educación para la paz y convivencia sin violencia. una propuesta en el nivel básico desde la terapia narrativa

RESUMEN Este artículo contribuye a las investigaciones y propuestas de intervención cualitativas para mejorar la convivencia y fomentar la paz a través de una metodología emergente que muestra la terapia narrativa. Se partió de un diagnóstico realizado en una escuela primaria de la ciudad de Guadalajara (Jalisco) que cuenta con 340 alumnos, entre 6 y 12 años, donde se evidencia la violencia en dicho plantel, detectada mediante estadística simple, narrativas y dibujos. Efectuamos una propuesta de intervención a partir de un modelo que sugiere la terapia narrativa, denominado "el árbol de la vida", que permitió a niñas y niños tomar un sentido de pertenencia al convivir en paz, manifestando experiencias pedagógicas que promuevan el concepto de comunidad educativa incluyente con valores humanos y esperanzadora, tan necesaria en estos tiempos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue dar cuenta de que educar para la paz y la convivencia es una construcción que se realiza en nuestra vida cotidiana y que la escuela es un espacio ideal para tomar conciencia cultivar y crear desde temprana edad una sociedad constructora de culturas de paz.

ABSTRACT This article supports qualitative research and intervention proposals to improve coexistence and promote peace through an emerging methodology that shows narrative therapy. It was based on a diagnosis made in a primary school in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, which has 340 students, between 6 and 12 years old, where violence is evidenced in said campus, detected through simple statistics, narratives and drawings. We made an intervention proposal based on a model that suggests narrative therapy called "the tree of life" that allowed girls and boys to take a sense of belonging by living together in peace, manifesting pedagogical experiences that promote the concept of an inclusive educational community with human and hopeful values, so necessary in these times. The objective of this research was to realize that educating for peace and coexistence is a construction that takes place in our daily lives and that the school is an ideal space, to become aware of cultivating and creating from an early age, a construction society of cultures of peace.

To study the usefulness of CBCL-TRF for assessment and screening of psychiatric morbidity in juvenile delinquent boys in an observation home.

Background: Given the growth of juvenile delinquent population, epidemiologic data on their psychiatric evaluation is becoming increasingly important. Rehabilitation for juvenile delinquent children is the key whether addressing healthcare, poverty, population control, unemployment or human rights issues. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of CBCL (Child Behaviour Checklist – TRF (Teacher Report Form) for assessment and screening of psychiatric morbidity in juvenile delinquent boys in an observation home. Method: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in an Observation Home for Boys. Prior to conducting the study, informed written permission was sought from the Superintendent of Observation Home for Boys. Study sample consisted of 50 boys aged between 6-16 years. The children were recruited through application of inclusion and exclusion criteria and after taking written informed permission from the Observation Home authorities. Results: Significant CBCL total score was found in 22 (44%) juveniles. Eighteen (36%) juveniles had high score on externalizing behaviour, and 14 (28%) on internalizing behaviour. The sensitivity of CBCL significant score was found to be 88.64% and specificity was 100%. This indicates the utility of CBCL in epidemiological studies and screening of juveniles. It is a simple tool for screening and as noted it has high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: In conclusion, the CBCL has implications for the training of manpower for strengthening of mental health services for these children. There is immediate need for multidisciplinary mental health services at each juvenile center.

(Re)violências socialmente infligidas a meninos sexualmente abusados por mulheres / Double violence socially inflicted on boys sexually abused by women / (Re)violencia socialmente infligida a niños abusados sexualmente por mujeres

No Brasil, foram reportados aproximadamente 776 casos de abuso sexual infantil (ASI) contra crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino perpetrado por abusadoras femininas entre 2011 e 2017 (Brasil, 2018). Diversos estudos demonstram evidências de um processo particular na experiência do ASI de meninos, que entravam seu processo de revelação, tornando-o altamente subnotificada. Este artigo pretendeu capturar reações ao ASI de meninos quando cometido por mulheres, pela análise de conteúdo de 292 comentários em reportagens de domínio público que noticiaram casos reais dessa violência. Os resultados demonstraram preponderância do não reconhecimento das práticas sexuais entre mulheres adultas e meninos como abuso (81,5%), contendo ataques depreciativos aos jovens, declarações de impossibilidade de vitimização destes, referências positivas à experiência, entre outras que banalizam a questão. Os múltiplos ataques virtuais registrados e a descaracterização dos casos como abusivos sugerem um processo de (re)vitimização socialmente infligida aos meninos sexualmente violentados, acarretando possíveis danos psicológicos secundários e reforçando estigmas e a subnotificação dessa violência.

In Brazil, approximately 776 cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) against male children and adolescents perpetrated by female abusers were reported between 2011 and 2017 (Brazil, 2018). Several studies demonstrate evidence of a particular process in the boys' CSA experience, which impedes their disclosure process, making it highly underreported. This article aimed to capture reactions to boys' CSA when committed by women, by analyzing the content of 292 comments in public domain news that reported real cases of this violence. The results showed a preponderance of the lack of recognition of sexual practices among adult women and boys as abuse (81.5%), containing derogatory attacks on boys, declarations of their impossibility of victimization, positive references to the experience, among other trivializing trends. The multiple virtual attacks and the mischaracterization of cases as abusive suggest a process of double victimization inflicted on sexually abused boys, causing possible secondary psychological damage, reinforcing stigmas and the underreporting of this violence.

En Brasil, fueron reportados aproximadamente 776 casos de abuso sexual infantil (ASI) contra niños y adolescentes del sexo masculino perpetrados por mujeres abusadoras entre 2011 y 2017 (Brasil, 2018). Varios estudios demuestran evidencias de un proceso particular en la experiencia de ASI de niños, que impide su proceso de divulgación, lo que la hace subnotificada. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo captar las reacciones al ASI de los niños cometida por mujeres, mediante el análisis del contenido de 292 comentarios en informes de dominio público que denunciaron casos reales de esa violencia. Los resultados mostraron una preponderancia del desconocimiento de las prácticas sexuales entre mujeres y niños como abuso (81,5%), conteniendo agresiones despectivas a los jóvenes, declaraciones de imposibilidad de victimización, referencias positivas a la experiencia, entre otras tendencias banalizadoras. Los múltiples ataques virtuales registrados y la caracterización errónea de los casos como no abusivos sugieren un proceso de (re)victimización social infligido a los niños abusados sexualmente, provocando posibles daños psicológicos secundarios, reforzando los estigmas y el subregistro de esa violencia.

Abordaje comunitario para la identificación de casos de anemia en gestantes, niños y niñas en tres comunidades del Perú

RESUMEN Introducción: La anemia por deficiencia de hierro afecta el crecimiento y desarrollo cognitivo desde las primeras etapas de vida de ser humano. Es preciso abordar una estrategia comunitaria para detectar oportunamente los casos a fin de garantizar oportunidades de desarrollo integral en las etapas de vida posteriores. Objetivo: Describir un modelo de abordaje comunitario para la detección de casos de anemia en niños y niñas en tres comunidades urbanos marginales del norte del Perú. Metodología: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de corte transversal, se tamizaron con equipo de espectrofotometría a 412 personas entre gestantes, niños y niñas menores de 5 años. Además, se aplicaron cuestionarios anónimos para evaluar las determinantes de salud. Se geo ubicaron las viviendas con casos de anemia y se desarrolló un aplicativo informático para el almacenamiento de la información. Resultados: En las comunidades de San José y Salamanca se representaron 3,9 % (16) y 7 % (29) casos de anemia respectivamente y solo 1,7 % (7) casos en los Jardines. Existe una relación significativa entre las comunidades y la aparición de casos de anemia p valor = 0,001; intervalo de confianza IC 95 %. Además, el 9,5 % (39) de los casos de anemia no tenía acceso a ningún programa social. Finalmente, el 83,7 % (345) de tamizados no reportó anemia y estuvo suplementado con micronutrientes. Conclusiones: El modelo comunitario podría ser un referente en la atención primaria de salud como estrategia del determinismo social de los casos de anemia en gestantes, niños y niñas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia affects growth and cognitive development from the first stages of human life. It is necessary to undertake a community strategy to detect cases in a timely manner in order to guarantee comprehensive development opportunities in later life stages. Objective: To describe a community approach model for the detection of cases of anemia in boys and girls in three marginal urban communities in northern Peru. Methodology: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational epidemiological study, 412 people were screened with spectrophotometry equipment, including pregnant women, boys and girls under 5 years of age. In addition, anonymous questionnaires were applied to evaluate the determinants of health. Homes with anemia cases were geo-located and a computer application was developed for storing information. Results: In the communities of San José and Salamanca, 3.9% (16) and 7% (29) cases of anemia were represented respectively, and only 1.7% (7) cases in Los Jardines. There is a significant relationship between the communities and the appearance of cases of anemia p value = 0.001; 95% CI confidence interval. Furthermore, 9.5% (39) of anemia cases did not have access to any social program. Finally, 83.7% (345) of those screened did not report anemia and were supplemented with micronutrients. Conclusions: The community model could be a benchmark in primary health care as a strategy for social determinism in cases of anemia in pregnant women, boys and girls.

Effect of Internet Addiction on Mental Health of Adolescent Boys and Girls

Background: This study evaluates the relationship between Internet Addiction and mental health among adolescent student of three Army Public Schools located at Lucknow Cantt. Methodology: 513 participants (260 boys and 253 girls) in the study were 9th and 11th grade students in the age range of 14 to 18 years. Internet Addiction Test (IAT) developed by Kimberly Young (1996) was used to measure the addiction of Internet among adolescent and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-38) designed by Davies, Sherbourne, Peterson and Ware (1998) was used to assess the multi-dimensional nature of psychological distress and psychological well-being, including: Anxiety, Depression, Loss of Behavioural/Emotional Control, General Positive Affect, Emotional Ties and Life Satisfaction. t-test was carried out to determine the significance of difference between boys and girls on Internet addiction and six domains of mental health. Correlation analysis was carried out to identify the relationship between Internet Addiction and mental health separately for boys and girls. Results: The results have indicated that boys had significantly higher Internet Addiction as compared to girls. Boys had significantly higher levels of anxiety and loss of emotional/behavioural control whereas girls significantly outscored boys on the dimensions of depression, general positive affect, emotional ties and life satisfaction. Among boys Internet Addiction had a significant positive correlation with anxiety, depression and loss of behavioural/ emotional control whereas it had a significant negative effect on general positive affect, emotional ties and life satisfaction. Among girls Internet Addiction had a significant positive correlation with depression, loss of emotional/ behavioural control whereas it had a significant negative correlation with general positive affect, emotional ties and life satisfaction. Conclusion: Internet addiction has a significant impact on the mental health of adolescent boys and girls and further studies in this regard are warranted.

Personality traits and parenting styles in boys victims of sexual abuse: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Objective: We examined the association between personality traits and parenting styles in boys victims of sexual abuse (SA). Methods: Sixty-two (62) boys were divided into two groups: 32 (Victims of SA group, age 11.7±1.28) and 30 non-victims of SA (Comparison group, age 11.6±1.22). All participants completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-J) and the Parenting Styles Inventory (PSI). The intelligence quotient (IQ) was also assessed. Results: Both groups did not differ in terms of IQ. In the SA group, men (97%) were the biggest abusers, 85% of the parents were divorced and the father was the biggest aggressor (44%). The SA victims had higher neuroticism (p <0.001) and identified riskier parental practices, while the comparison group reported good parental practices (p<0.05). The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that higher negative paternal parental style scores increase the chance of belonging to the victims group. Discussion: Victims of SA present a higher risk of neuroticism and perception of dysfunctional family dynamics, with seriously reversed social roles. Further studies are needed to investigate the behavioral, cognitive, emotional, personality and parental styles, and the development of psychological intervention programs and other professional practices for victims of SA and their families in various contexts of violence.

Incongruencia de género en niñas, niños y adolescentes: intervenciones transafirmativas en Hospital las Higueras Talcahuano / Gender incongruity in girls, boys and adolescents: transaffirmative intervention at Las Higueras Hospital, Talcahuano

Introducción: incongruencia de género (IG) en niñas, niños y adolescentes (NNA), es un tema que se ha ido visibilizando cada vez más y es definida como una marcada discordancia entre la identidad de género y el sexo asignado al nacer. El objetivo es realizar una revisión de la evidencia en relación a la IG en NNA, las intervenciones recomendadas basadas en evidencia y finalmente dar a conocer la experiencia local en el Hospital las Higueras de Talcahuano. Métodos:se realizó una búsqueda en PUBMED artículos en inglés y español, desde 2011 a 2019. De los artículos encontrados, se revisó además la bibliografía de ellos, sumando a la revisión las publicaciones que fueran pertinentes. En la revisión práctica se realizó una sistematización de las intervenciones que se llevan a cabo a nivel endocrinológico y en salud mental. Resultados: los resultados indican que la prevalencia ha ido en aumento, al igual que la prevalencia hombre trans. Existen indicadores específicos para poder diferenciar la desistencia o persistencia de la IG. Las condiciones asociadas tales como ansiedad, depresión, ideación y conducta suicidas son generadas por el estrés de minorías y la intervención más apropiada es la afirmativa. Existe alta varianza de género en personas de condición trastorno de espectro autista (TEA), siendo mayor en las niñas que en los niños. Desde marzo 2019 Hospital las Higueras de Talcahuano inicia intervención transafirmativa con IG en NNA. Conclusiones: es necesario visibilizar el tema y despatologizarlo para que las(os) NNA tengan mayor acceso a apoyo transafirmativo.

Introduction: Gender incongruity (GI) in boys, girls, and adolescents (BGA), is becoming an ever more visible issue. It is defined as a marked misalignment between gender identity and the sex assigned at birth. Objective: to make a review of evidence regarding GI in BGA, the recommended evidence-based interventions and, ultimately, to show the local experience at Las Higueras Hospital in Tal-cahuano. Methods: A search of articles written in English and Spanish between 2011 and 2019 was performed in PUBMED and, from the articles found, their biblographies were also revised, adding the pertinent publications to the revision process. In the practical revision, a systematization of the interventions performed at an endocrinological level and in mental health, was also made. Results: the results indicate that prevalence has been increasing, as has male trans prevalence. There are specific indicators to differentiate GI desistance or persistance. The associated conditions such as anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation and conduct, are generated by the stress minorities suffer and the most appropriate intervention is the affirmative one. There is a high gender variance in people within the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is higher in girls than in boys. In 2019, Las Higueras Hospital in Talcahuano started with a trans-afirmative intervention with GI in BGA. Conclusions: It is necessary to make GI visible and depathologize it so that BGA have greater access to trans-affirmative support.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de niñas y niños sobre educación sexual integral en ocho municipios de Colombia / Knowledge, attitudes and practices of girls and boys on comprehensive sexual education in eight municipalities of Colombia

Resumen Introducción: La educación integral para la sexualidad permite dotar a niñas/os y adolescentes de conocimientos basados en datos empíricos, habilidades, actitudes y valores que fortalecen sus procesos de empoderamiento para disfrutar del derecho a la salud, el bienestar y la dignidad humana; además, les permite comprender cómo proteger y velar por la garantía de sus derechos a lo largo de su vida. Objetivo: Describir los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en educación sexual integral de 6 645 niñas y niños escolarizados en ocho municipios priorizados de Colombia. Metodología: Ocho municipios fueron seleccionados según indicadores socio-demográficos, embarazo adolescente y violencia de género. Los criterios de inclusión fueron definidos: niñas/os escolarizados de entre nueve y 11 años de edad y con residencia habitual en el municipio. Una encuesta de Conocimientos, Actitudes y Prácticas fue diseñada, validada y aplicada para recolectar datos de 5 600 hogares, 50 instituciones educativas y 6 645 niñas/ os. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la muestra, profundizando en los datos obtenidos del cuestionario aplicado a niñas/os. Resultados: Se encontraron altos porcentajes de desacuerdo de violencia directa contra la mujer y validación de formas sutiles de violencia en las niñas/os. Los niños reciben más castigos físicos que las niñas. El término sexualidad es desconocido por la mayoría de niñas y niños, quienes creen conocerlo lo dialogan principalmente con su mamá y más del 20 % no lo hablan con nadie. Las niñas y niños participantes están iniciando relaciones sexuales a edades tempranas sin previa educación en sexualidad. Conclusiones: Las niñas y niños interiorizan y reafirman roles tradicionales de género y tienen percepciones erradas sobre la sexualidad, por lo cual, es necesario profundizar en el significado de sexualidad y sobre la violencia basada en género. Esto con el fin de desarrollar capacidades en la toma de decisiones, que influyan positivamente en sus proyectos de vida.

Abstract Introduction: Comprehensive sexuality education enables children and adolescents to be provided with knowledge based on empirical data, skills, attitudes, and values that strengthen their empowerment processes to enjoy their right to health, well-being, and human dignity. Additionally, it allows them to understand how to protect and guarantee their rights throughout their lives. Objective: To describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices in comprehensive sexuality education of 6,645 school age children enrolled in eight prioritized municipalities in Colombia. Methods: Eight municipalities were selected according to its sociodemographic characteristics, and indicators of teenage pregnancy and gender-based violence. The inclusion criteria were: children going to school between nine and eleven years old and habitually residing in the municipality. A Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices survey was designed, validated and applied to 5,600 families, 50 schools and 6,645 children. A descriptive analysis of the sample obtained was carried out, delving into the data obtained from the children's survey. Results: High percentages of disagreement regarding direct violence against women were found in children's responses, as well as validation of subtle forms of violence. Boys received more physical punishment than girls. The term sexuality is unknown by the majority of surveyed boys and girls, those who believe to understand it have discussed it mainly with their mothers and more than 20% have not spoken about it with anyone. The participating boys and girls are initiating sexual relations at an early age without prior sexuality education. Conclusions: Girls and boys internalize and reaffirm traditional gender roles and have wrong perceptions about sexuality. That is why, to develop with them decision-making skills that will have positively influence in their life projects it is necessary to deepen the meaning of sexuality and gender-based violence.

Puberty in a sample of brazilian schoolboys: onset and anthropometric characteristics / Puberdade em uma amostra de meninos escolares brasileiros: início e características antropométricas

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the age of puberty onset in boys and collect anthropometric data of participants at different puberty stages. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that assessed 430 boys in a random sample representing 48,390 students from public and private schools from the city of Uberaba, Southeast Brazil. The inclusion criteria were males, aged between 5 and 18 years, and absence of previous diseases. Participants and their guardians filled a semistructured questionnaire with questions relevant to their and their parents' puberty. We set the significance at p<0.05 and calculated the 95% confidence intervals. Results: The mean age found in the puberty stage G2 was 11.2±1.8 (95% of participants in stage G2 were 9.2-13.4 years old). Pubarche data showed a mean of age of 11.0±1.6 years (95% of the participants experienced pubarche when they were 8.0-14.0 years old). When compared to the confidence intervals of two classical studies on the subject, our results showed a trend toward earlier pubarche. In addition, the mean age of this event in the children's parents was of 12.1±1.4 years, which was significantly higher than the age of the children's pubarche (p<0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate a secular decreasing trend in pubarche age and an earlier puberty onset. Considering these parameters, is important to design public policies aimed at preventing these early events.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a idade em que a puberdade começa em meninos e coletar dados antropométricos de participantes em diferentes fases da puberdade. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal no qual foram avaliados 430 meninos, uma amostra aleatória representativa da população total de 48.390 estudantes de escolas públicas e particulares de Uberaba, Minas Gerais. Os critérios de inclusão foram: ser do sexo masculino, ter idade de 5 a 18 anos e ausência de doenças prévias. Os participantes e seus responsáveis preencheram um questionário semiestruturado com perguntas pertinentes à sua puberdade e à de seus pais. Os dados foram considerados significantes para p<0,05, e os intervalos de confiança calculados foram de 95%. Resultados: A média de idade encontrada no estágio G2 foi de 11,2±1,8 anos, sendo que 95% dos participantes em G2 tinham entre 9,2 a 13,4 anos. Quanto à pubarca, a média de idade foi de 11,0±1,6 anos, e 95% dos participantes apresentaram pubarca entre 8,0 e 14,0 anos. Quando tais resultados foram comparados aos intervalos de confiança de dois estudos clássicos sobre o tema, houve tendência à pubarca mais precoce. Além disso, a média de idade da pubarca nos pais das crianças foi de 12,1±1,4 anos, significantemente maior em relação à dos filhos (p<0,001). Conclusões: Os resultados indicam uma tendência secular em direção à diminuição da idade da pubarca e um possível início mais precoce da puberdade. É muito importante considerar esses parâmetros para estabelecer políticas públicas destinadas a prevenir esses eventos iniciais.

Abuso sexual infantil masculino: sintomas, notificação e denúncia no restabelecimento da proteção / Male child sexual abuse: symptoms, notification and reporting on restoration of protection / Abuso sexual infantil masculino: síntomas, notificación y denuncia en el restablecimiento de la protección

Na proteção à criança vítima de abuso sexual são necessárias três etapas: revelação, notificação e denúncia da violência. A etapa de revelação está ligada ao surgimento de sintomas que acabam por apontar a existência de problemas; a etapa da notificação consiste na publicização da ocorrência da violência; e a etapa da denúncia compreende a instauração de processo judicial para responsabilização do agressor. Trata-se de pesquisa documental em prontuários de 35 meninos vítimas de abuso sexual atendidos em instituição pública de saúde. O objetivo foi identificar o processo de restabelecimento da proteção à criança vitimizada. Os resultados apontam 64 diferentes manifestações de sintomas apresentados pelas vítimas meninos, denotando o sofrimento inerente à situação. Foram onze as instituições envolvidas no processo de notificação. Aquela com o maior número de casos (45,7%) foi o Conselho Tutelar, seguido da escola (28,6%). A notificação foi realizada em 51,2% dos casos e a denúncia em apenas dois casos, o que configura uma questão grave no processo de comunicação da violação de direitos dos meninos abusados. Para garantir a proteção da criança é preciso valorizar a presença dos dispositivos de proteção disponíveis na sociedade, e dar apoio às iniciativas de qualificação do pessoal integrante das instituições.

To protect children victims of sexual abuse three steps are required: disclosure, reporting and notification of violence. This documentary research examined health records of 35 boys victims of sexual abuse assisted in a Brazilian public institution. The aim of the study was to trace the process of restoring protection to the child victim. Results showed 64 different types of symptoms triggering the disclosure, denoting much suffering by the children. There were eleven institutions involved in the reporting of violence. The one with most cases was the Child Protection Agency (45.7%), followed by the school (28.6%). Notification was carried out in 51.2% of the cases, showing a lack of preparation of the institutions to report the violation of rights. To ensure child protection it is necessary to enhance the presence of protective devices available in society, and to support initiatives to improve institutional staff training.

En la protección al niño víctima de abuso sexual son necesarias tres etapas: revelación, notificación y denuncia de la violencia. La etapa de revelación está ligada al surgimiento de síntomas que acaban por apuntar la existencia de problemas; la etapa de notificación consiste en la publicidad de la ocurrencia de la violencia; y la etapa de denuncia corresponde a la instauración del proceso judicial por la responsabilización del agresor. Este estudio es una investigación documental en prontuarios de 35 niños víctimas de abuso sexual atendidos en una institución pública de salud. El objetivo fue identificar el proceso de restablecimiento de la protección al niño victimizado. Los resultados apuntan a 64 diferentes manifestaciones de síntomas presentados por las víctimas niños, denotando el sufrimiento inherente a la situación. Las instituciones involucradas en el proceso de notificación fueron once. Aquella con mayor número de casos (45,7%) fue el Consejo Tutelar, seguido de la escuela (28,6%). La notificación se realizó en el 51,2% de los casos y la denuncia en apenas dos casos. Esta información constituye una cuestión grave en el proceso de comunicación de la violación de los derechos de los niños abusados. Para garantizar la protección del niño es necesario valorar la presencia de los dispositivos de protección presentes en la sociedad, y apoyo a las iniciativas de calificación del personal integrante de las instituciones.

Uso de facebook y persuasión interpersonal masiva: predictores del consumo de alcohol en jóvenes / Sue of social media and mass interpersonal persuasion: predictors of alcohol consumption in young people / Uso do mídia facebook e persuasão interpessoal em massa: preditores do consumo de álcool em jovens

OBJETIVO: analizar la influencia de la persuasión interpersonal masiva a través del uso de Facebook en el consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios. MÉTODO: diseño predictivo y transversal, se realizó un muestreo fue probabilístico y estratificado para una muestra de 730 jóvenes universitarios. Se utilizó una Cédula de Datos Personales y Prevalencias de Consumo de Alcohol, Cuestionario de Uso de Facebook, la Prueba de Identificación de Desordenes por Uso de Alcohol, el Listado de Pensamientos y un Libro de Códigos. RESULTADOS: la persuasión se correlacionó positiva y significativamente con el consumo de alcohol (r s=.272, p<.001). El uso de Facebook se correlacionó positiva y significativamente con el número de publicaciones con contenido de alcohol observadas en los muros o páginas personales de los jóvenes (r s=.165, p<.001) y con el consumo de alcohol (r s=.157, p<.001). Se encontró que el modelo fue significativo (F(9, 429)=58.73, p=.001) con una varianza explicada del 35.1%. CONCLUSIÓN: se encontró que el sexo, el número de publicaciones con contenido de alcohol y la persuasión muestran un efecto sobre el consumo de alcohol de los jóvenes.

OBJETIVO: analisar a influência de persuasão interpessoal massa através do uso de Facebook do consumo de álcool entre estudantes universitários. MÉTODO: desenho preditivo e transversal, foi probabilística e estratificado para uma amostra de 730 estudantes universitários amostrados. Um Data Cédula Pessoal e Prevalência de álcool, Questionário Usando o Facebook, o Teste de Identificação de Alcohol Use Disorder, foi usado Listagem de pensamentos e um livro de códigos. Resultado: a persuasão correlacionou positiva e significativamente com o consumo de álcool (rs=0.272, p<0.001). Facebook utilização correlacionados positivamente e significativamente com o número de publicações que contenham álcool observada nas paredes ou páginas pessoais dos jovens (rs=0.165, p<0.001) e de consumo de álcool (rs=.157, p < 0.001). Verificou-se que o modelo foi significativa (F(9.429)=58.73, p=0.001) com uma variação estimada de 35.1%. CONCLUSÃO: verificou-se que o sexo, o número de publicações com teor alcoólico e persuasão mostram um efeito sobre o consumo de álcool dos jovens.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the influence of mass interpersonal persuasion through the use of Facebook in alcohol consumption in university students. METHOD: predictive and cross-sectional design, sampling was probabilistic and stratified for a sample of 730 university students. A Personal Data Card and Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption, Facebook Use Questionnaire, the Alcohol Identification Disorder Test, the List of Thoughts and a Code Book were used. RESULTS: persuasion correlated positively and significantly with alcohol consumption (rs=.272, p<.001). The use of Facebook correlated positively and significantly with the number of publications with alcohol content observed in the walls or personal pages of young people (rs=.165, p<.001) and with alcohol consumption (rs=.157, p<.001). The model was found to be significant (F(9,429)=58.73, p=.001) with an explained variance of 35.1%. CONCLUSION: it was found that sex, number of publications with alcohol content and persuasion show an effect on young people's alcohol consumption.

Penis Length of Elementary School Students in Karawang Regency West Java

@#Introduction: Penile length is defined as a length from base of penile until the tip of the glans. If the length of penile less than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) on average of its age it characterized as a micropenis. The aim of this study is to describe the penile length and micropenis condition in elementary school student. Method: This is a descriptive study to find out the penile length in elementary school boys. Penile length was measured from symphysis pubic to tip of the glans using a rigid ruler by stretching the penile or stretching penile length (SPL) and identified the micropenis condition. Results: There were 203 boys with age ranging from 6 until 13 years old. Mean penile length on all age groups are slightly above mean - 2.5 SD. Micropenis was found in 52 boys (22.6%), half of them are in 9 to 11 years old groups. Most subjects are Sundanese. Conclusions: The mean penile length in all age groups were shorter than the reference that we used. Majority of the subjects in our study were Sundanese, this finding suggest that Sundanese children has a shorter penile length than a subject used in our reference study. Micropenis case findings in this study turned out to be quite large and surprising.

El ciberacoso entre jóvenes del barrio López de Mesa, Medellín-Colombia / Cyberbullying between young people in López de Mesa neighborhood of Medellín-Colombia

El ciberacoso es aquel fenómeno que se produce a través de dispositivos digitales como teléfonos celulares o computadoras; suele ocurrir generalmente mediante mensajes de texto o redes sociales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos del ciberacoso en los jóvenes del barrio López de Mesa (Medellín-Colombia), así como también las causas, consecuencias y posibles métodos de intervención. Como instrumento de recolección de datos se ha utilizado la encuesta, a través de la cual se concluye que los jóvenes son quienes se ven más afectados por el fenómeno estudiado.

Cyberbullying is one that occurs through digital devices such as cell phones or computers. This is usually done by text messaging or social networking. The project aims to analyze the effects of cyberbullying on young people in the Lopez de Mesa neighborhood, as well as the causes, consequences and possible methods of intervention. On the other hand, the survey has been used as a data collection tool, which concludes that young people are the ones most affected by the studied phenomenon.

Adolescência, situação de rua e exploração sexual: um estudo de caso / Adolescence, street situation and sexual exploitation: a case study / La adolescencia, situación de calle y la explotación sexual: un estudio de caso

Trata-se de um estudo de caso de um adolescente em situação de rua, 17 anos de idade, sexo masculino, homossexual e vítima da exploração sexual (ES). O estudo teve como objetivo descrever, em sua trajetória de vida, os condicionantes relacionados ao ingresso na ES, à permanência nela e à saída dela. Foram realizadas três entrevistas. O envolvimento com a ES começou aos 12 anos com a finalidade de ajudar financeiramente a família e custear o uso de drogas do adolescente. Sublinha-se o envolvimento com a rua que teve relação com a possibilidade de vivência da homossexualidade e da travestilidade. Alguns fatores na trajetória de vida, como namorar, trabalhar e ter sua moradia, contribuíram para saída da ES e interrupção do uso de drogas. Verificaram-se múltiplas violências na trajetória do adolescente, entretanto, destacam-se as relações de afeto e as oportunidades de melhoria das condições de vida como fatores potenciais para enfrentamento da ES.

This is a case study of an adolescent in street situation, 17 years old, male, homosexual and victim of sexual exploitation (SE). The objectives of the study were to describe in life trajectory the conditions related to the entrance, permanence and leaving out of SE. We conducted three interviews. Involvement with the SE began to 12 years in order to financially support the family and pay for the adolescent drug use. It emphasizes the involvement with the street that was related to the possibility of living of homosexuality and transvestism. Some factors on the trajectory of life as dating, working and have your housing contributed to leave the SE and interruption of the drug use. Multiple violence was identified in the adolescent's trajectory, however, the relations of affection and opportunities for improvement of the living conditions as potential factors to coping the SE.

Es un estudio de caso de un adolescente en situación de calle, 17 anos, sexo masculino, homosexual y víctima de la explotación sexual (ES). El objetivo es describir en su trayectoria de vida los condicionantes relacionados al ingreso, permanencia y salida de la ES. Fueron realizadas tres entrevistas. La participación con la ES comenzó a los 12 anos para ayudar económicamente a la familia y costear el uso de drogas del adolescente. La implicación con la calle tuvo relación con la posibilidad de vivencia de la homosexualidad y travestismo. Algunos factores en la trayectoria de vida como enamorar, trabajar y tener su propia casa contribuyeron con la salida de la ES e interrupción del uso de drogas. Se verificaron múltiples violencias en su trayectoria, se destacan las relaciones de afecto y las oportunidades de mejora de las condiciones de vida como factores potenciales para el enfrentamiento de la ES.

Pharmacokinetic Studies of Factor VIII in Chinese Boys with Severe Hemophilia A: A Single-Center Study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background</b>Although much attention has been paid to the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of different factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates in persons with hemophilia A (HA), limited information is available in young boys with severe HA. In this study, we aimed to assess the PK parameters of FVIII products in boys with severe HA in China.</p><p><b>Methods</b>A total of 36 boys (plasma-derived [pd]-FVIII, n = 15; recombinant [r] FVIII, n = 21) were enrolled between January 2015 and May 2016 in Beijing Children's Hospital. PK characteristics of FVIII products were studied according to a reduced 4-sampling time point design (1 h, 9 h, 24 h, and 48 h postinfusion).</p><p><b>Results</b>The mean FVIII half-life (t) was 10.99 ± 3.45 h (range 5.52-20.02 h), the mean in vivo recovery (IVR) was 2.01 ± 0.42 IU/dl per IU/kg (range 1.24-3.02 IU/dl per IU/kg) and mean clearance (CL) of FVIII is 4.34 ± 1.58 ml·kg·h (range 2.29-7.90 ml·kg·h). We also analyzed the influence of several parameters that potentially modulate FVIII PK. The age was closely associated with FVIII half-life (R = 0.32, P < 0.01). The tof FVIII increased by 0.59 h per year. Besides age, von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) also was associated with FVIII half-life (R = 0.52, P < 0.01). Patients with blood Group O had a shorter FVIII half-life than patients with non-O blood group (9.40 ± 0.68 h vs. 12.3 ± 0.79 h, t = 2.70, P = 0.01). The FVIII IVR correlated with age (R = 0.21, P < 0.01) and VWF:Ag level (R = 0.28, P < 0.01). CL rates were faster in young patients and in those with low-VWF:Ag levels. CL rates of FVIII are higher in blood Group O versus non-blood Group O persons (5.02 ± 0.38 vs. 4.00 ± 0.32 ml·kg·h, t = 2.53, P = 0.02).</p><p><b>Conclusions</b>Chinese boys with severe HA have similar PK values to other ethnic groups and large differences in FVIII PK between individual patients. Age, blood group, and VWF:Ag levels are important determining factors for FVIII CL.</p>